would have to have an infrastructure of 
communications to keep your empire together. So 
Empire and Communications  is a study of 
Babylonia and Persia and the Roman and the Greek 
empires, and a succession all the way to modern 
times, including Hitler, interestingly. And then The  
Bias of Communication , which came out 
posthumously I think, was more theoretical and 
specific and contemporary analysis. Empire and  
Communications  was more historical and The Bias  
of Communication  was more contemporary. Both 
books influenced McLuhan enormously, and both 
books were talking about the role of technology of 
communication on social organization. That’s what